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1 | Redirecting to URL 'https://iland.boku.ac.at/svn/iland/tags/release_1.0/src/core/watercycle.cpp': |
1 | Redirecting to URL 'https://iland.boku.ac.at/svn/iland/tags/release_1.0/src/core/watercycle.cpp': |
2 | /********************************************************************************************
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2 | /********************************************************************************************
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3 | ** iLand - an individual based forest landscape and disturbance model
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3 | ** iLand - an individual based forest landscape and disturbance model
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4 | ** http://iland.boku.ac.at
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4 | ** http://iland.boku.ac.at
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5 | ** Copyright (C) 2009- Werner Rammer, Rupert Seidl
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5 | ** Copyright (C) 2009- Werner Rammer, Rupert Seidl
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6 | **
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6 | **
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7 | ** This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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7 | ** This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
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8 | ** it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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8 | ** it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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9 | ** the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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9 | ** the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
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10 | ** (at your option) any later version.
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10 | ** (at your option) any later version.
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11 | **
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11 | **
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12 | ** This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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12 | ** This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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13 | ** but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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13 | ** but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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14 | ** MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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14 | ** MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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15 | ** GNU General Public License for more details.
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15 | ** GNU General Public License for more details.
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16 | **
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16 | **
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17 | ** You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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17 | ** You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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18 | ** along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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18 | ** along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
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19 | ********************************************************************************************/
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19 | ********************************************************************************************/
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20 | 20 | ||
21 | #include "global.h"
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21 | #include "global.h"
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22 | #include "watercycle.h"
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22 | #include "watercycle.h"
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23 | #include "climate.h"
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23 | #include "climate.h"
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24 | #include "resourceunit.h"
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24 | #include "resourceunit.h"
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25 | #include "species.h"
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25 | #include "species.h"
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26 | #include "model.h"
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26 | #include "model.h"
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27 | #include "debugtimer.h"
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27 | #include "debugtimer.h"
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28 | #include "modules.h"
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28 | #include "modules.h"
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29 | 29 | ||
30 | /** @class WaterCycle
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30 | /** @class WaterCycle
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31 | @ingroup core
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31 | @ingroup core
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32 | simulates the water cycle on a ResourceUnit.
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32 | simulates the water cycle on a ResourceUnit.
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33 | The WaterCycle is simulated with a daily time step on the spatial level of a ResourceUnit. Related are
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33 | The WaterCycle is simulated with a daily time step on the spatial level of a ResourceUnit. Related are
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34 | the snow module (SnowPack), and Canopy module that simulates the interception (and evaporation) of precipitation and the
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34 | the snow module (SnowPack), and Canopy module that simulates the interception (and evaporation) of precipitation and the
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35 | transpiration from the canopy.
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35 | transpiration from the canopy.
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36 | The WaterCycle covers the "soil water bucket". Main entry function is run().
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36 | The WaterCycle covers the "soil water bucket". Main entry function is run().
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37 | 37 | ||
38 | See http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle
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38 | See http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle
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39 | */
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39 | */
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40 | 40 | ||
41 | WaterCycle::WaterCycle() |
41 | WaterCycle::WaterCycle() |
42 | {
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42 | {
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43 | mSoilDepth = 0; |
43 | mSoilDepth = 0; |
44 | mLastYear = -1; |
44 | mLastYear = -1; |
45 | }
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45 | }
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46 | 46 | ||
47 | void WaterCycle::setup(const ResourceUnit *ru) |
47 | void WaterCycle::setup(const ResourceUnit *ru) |
48 | {
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48 | {
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49 | mRU = ru; |
49 | mRU = ru; |
50 | // get values...
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50 | // get values...
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51 | mFieldCapacity = 0.; // on top |
51 | mFieldCapacity = 0.; // on top |
52 | const XmlHelper &xml=GlobalSettings::instance()->settings(); |
52 | const XmlHelper &xml=GlobalSettings::instance()->settings(); |
53 | mSoilDepth = xml.valueDouble("model.site.soilDepth", 0.) * 10; // convert from cm to mm |
53 | mSoilDepth = xml.valueDouble("model.site.soilDepth", 0.) * 10; // convert from cm to mm |
54 | double pct_sand = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctSand"); |
54 | double pct_sand = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctSand"); |
55 | double pct_silt = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctSilt"); |
55 | double pct_silt = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctSilt"); |
56 | double pct_clay = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctClay"); |
56 | double pct_clay = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctClay"); |
57 | if (fabs(100. - (pct_sand + pct_silt + pct_clay)) > 0.01) |
57 | if (fabs(100. - (pct_sand + pct_silt + pct_clay)) > 0.01) |
58 | throw IException(QString("Setup Watercycle: soil composition percentages do not sum up to 100. Sand: %1, Silt: %2 Clay: %3").arg(pct_sand).arg(pct_silt).arg(pct_clay)); |
58 | throw IException(QString("Setup Watercycle: soil composition percentages do not sum up to 100. Sand: %1, Silt: %2 Clay: %3").arg(pct_sand).arg(pct_silt).arg(pct_clay)); |
59 | 59 | ||
60 | // calculate soil characteristics based on empirical functions (Schwalm & Ek, 2004)
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60 | // calculate soil characteristics based on empirical functions (Schwalm & Ek, 2004)
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61 | // note: the variables are percentages [0..100]
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61 | // note: the variables are percentages [0..100]
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62 | mPsi_sat = -exp((1.54 - 0.0095*pct_sand + 0.0063*pct_silt) * log(10)) * 0.000098; // Eq. 83 |
62 | mPsi_sat = -exp((1.54 - 0.0095*pct_sand + 0.0063*pct_silt) * log(10)) * 0.000098; // Eq. 83 |
63 | mPsi_koeff_b = -( 3.1 + 0.157*pct_clay - 0.003*pct_sand ); // Eq. 84 |
63 | mPsi_koeff_b = -( 3.1 + 0.157*pct_clay - 0.003*pct_sand ); // Eq. 84 |
64 | mTheta_sat = 0.01 * (50.5 - 0.142*pct_sand - 0.037*pct_clay); // Eq. 78 |
64 | mTheta_sat = 0.01 * (50.5 - 0.142*pct_sand - 0.037*pct_clay); // Eq. 78 |
65 | mCanopy.setup(); |
65 | mCanopy.setup(); |
66 | 66 | ||
67 | mPermanentWiltingPoint = heightFromPsi(-4000); // maximum psi is set to a constant of -4MPa |
67 | mPermanentWiltingPoint = heightFromPsi(-4000); // maximum psi is set to a constant of -4MPa |
68 | if (xml.valueBool("model.settings.waterUseSoilSaturation",false)==false) { |
68 | if (xml.valueBool("model.settings.waterUseSoilSaturation",false)==false) { |
69 | mFieldCapacity = heightFromPsi(-15); |
69 | mFieldCapacity = heightFromPsi(-15); |
70 | } else { |
70 | } else { |
71 | // =-EXP((1.54-0.0095* pctSand +0.0063* pctSilt)*LN(10))*0.000098
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71 | // =-EXP((1.54-0.0095* pctSand +0.0063* pctSilt)*LN(10))*0.000098
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72 | double psi_sat = -exp((1.54-0.0095 * pct_sand + 0.0063*pct_silt)*log(10.))*0.000098; |
72 | double psi_sat = -exp((1.54-0.0095 * pct_sand + 0.0063*pct_silt)*log(10.))*0.000098; |
73 | mFieldCapacity = heightFromPsi(psi_sat); |
73 | mFieldCapacity = heightFromPsi(psi_sat); |
74 | if (logLevelDebug()) qDebug() << "psi: saturation " << psi_sat << "field capacity:" << mFieldCapacity; |
74 | if (logLevelDebug()) qDebug() << "psi: saturation " << psi_sat << "field capacity:" << mFieldCapacity; |
75 | }
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75 | }
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76 | 76 | ||
77 | mContent = mFieldCapacity; // start with full water content (in the middle of winter) |
77 | mContent = mFieldCapacity; // start with full water content (in the middle of winter) |
78 | if (logLevelDebug()) qDebug() << "setup of water: Psi_sat (kPa)" << mPsi_sat << "Theta_sat" << mTheta_sat << "coeff. b" << mPsi_koeff_b; |
78 | if (logLevelDebug()) qDebug() << "setup of water: Psi_sat (kPa)" << mPsi_sat << "Theta_sat" << mTheta_sat << "coeff. b" << mPsi_koeff_b; |
79 | mCanopyConductance = 0.; |
79 | mCanopyConductance = 0.; |
80 | mLastYear = -1; |
80 | mLastYear = -1; |
81 | 81 | ||
82 | // canopy settings
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82 | // canopy settings
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83 | mCanopy.mNeedleFactor = xml.valueDouble("model.settings.interceptionStorageNeedle", 4.); |
83 | mCanopy.mNeedleFactor = xml.valueDouble("model.settings.interceptionStorageNeedle", 4.); |
84 | mCanopy.mDecidousFactor = xml.valueDouble("model.settings.interceptionStorageBroadleaf", 2.); |
84 | mCanopy.mDecidousFactor = xml.valueDouble("model.settings.interceptionStorageBroadleaf", 2.); |
85 | mSnowPack.mSnowTemperature = xml.valueDouble("model.settings.snowMeltTemperature", 0.); |
85 | mSnowPack.mSnowTemperature = xml.valueDouble("model.settings.snowMeltTemperature", 0.); |
86 | 86 | ||
87 | mTotalET = mTotalExcess = mSnowRad = 0.; |
87 | mTotalET = mTotalExcess = mSnowRad = 0.; |
88 | mSnowDays = 0; |
88 | mSnowDays = 0; |
89 | }
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89 | }
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90 | 90 | ||
91 | /** function to calculate the water pressure [saugspannung] for a given amount of water.
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91 | /** function to calculate the water pressure [saugspannung] for a given amount of water.
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92 | returns water potential in kPa.
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92 | returns water potential in kPa.
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93 | see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance */
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93 | see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance */
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94 | inline double WaterCycle::psiFromHeight(const double mm) const |
94 | inline double WaterCycle::psiFromHeight(const double mm) const |
95 | {
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95 | {
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96 | // psi_x = psi_ref * ( rho_x / rho_ref) ^ b
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96 | // psi_x = psi_ref * ( rho_x / rho_ref) ^ b
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97 | if (mm<0.001) |
97 | if (mm<0.001) |
98 | return -100000000; |
98 | return -100000000; |
99 | double psi_x = mPsi_sat * pow((mm / mSoilDepth / mTheta_sat),mPsi_koeff_b); |
99 | double psi_x = mPsi_sat * pow((mm / mSoilDepth / mTheta_sat),mPsi_koeff_b); |
100 | return psi_x; // pis |
100 | return psi_x; // pis |
101 | }
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101 | }
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102 | 102 | ||
103 | /// calculate the height of the water column for a given pressure
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103 | /// calculate the height of the water column for a given pressure
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104 | /// return water amount in mm
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104 | /// return water amount in mm
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105 | /// see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance
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105 | /// see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance
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106 | inline double WaterCycle::heightFromPsi(const double psi_kpa) const |
106 | inline double WaterCycle::heightFromPsi(const double psi_kpa) const |
107 | {
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107 | {
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108 | // rho_x = rho_ref * (psi_x / psi_ref)^(1/b)
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108 | // rho_x = rho_ref * (psi_x / psi_ref)^(1/b)
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109 | double h = mSoilDepth * mTheta_sat * pow(psi_kpa / mPsi_sat, 1./mPsi_koeff_b); |
109 | double h = mSoilDepth * mTheta_sat * pow(psi_kpa / mPsi_sat, 1./mPsi_koeff_b); |
110 | return h; |
110 | return h; |
111 | }
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111 | }
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112 | 112 | ||
113 | /// get canopy characteristics of the resource unit.
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113 | /// get canopy characteristics of the resource unit.
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114 | /// It is important, that species-statistics are valid when this function is called (LAI)!
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114 | /// It is important, that species-statistics are valid when this function is called (LAI)!
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115 | void WaterCycle::getStandValues() |
115 | void WaterCycle::getStandValues() |
116 | {
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116 | {
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117 | mLAINeedle=mLAIBroadleaved=0.; |
117 | mLAINeedle=mLAIBroadleaved=0.; |
118 | mCanopyConductance=0.; |
118 | mCanopyConductance=0.; |
119 | const double ground_vegetationCC = 0.02; |
119 | const double ground_vegetationCC = 0.02; |
120 | double lai; |
120 | double lai; |
121 | foreach(const ResourceUnitSpecies *rus, mRU->ruSpecies()) { |
121 | foreach(const ResourceUnitSpecies *rus, mRU->ruSpecies()) { |
122 | lai = rus->constStatistics().leafAreaIndex(); |
122 | lai = rus->constStatistics().leafAreaIndex(); |
123 | if (rus->species()->isConiferous()) |
123 | if (rus->species()->isConiferous()) |
124 | mLAINeedle+=lai; |
124 | mLAINeedle+=lai; |
125 | else
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125 | else
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126 | mLAIBroadleaved+=lai; |
126 | mLAIBroadleaved+=lai; |
127 | mCanopyConductance += rus->species()->canopyConductance() * lai; // weigh with LAI |
127 | mCanopyConductance += rus->species()->canopyConductance() * lai; // weigh with LAI |
128 | }
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128 | }
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129 | double total_lai = mLAIBroadleaved+mLAINeedle; |
129 | double total_lai = mLAIBroadleaved+mLAINeedle; |
130 | 130 | ||
131 | // handle cases with LAI < 1 (use generic "ground cover characteristics" instead)
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131 | // handle cases with LAI < 1 (use generic "ground cover characteristics" instead)
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132 | /* The LAI used here is derived from the "stockable" area (and not the stocked area).
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132 | /* The LAI used here is derived from the "stockable" area (and not the stocked area).
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133 | If the stand has gaps, the available trees are "thinned" across the whole area. Otherwise (when stocked area is used)
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133 | If the stand has gaps, the available trees are "thinned" across the whole area. Otherwise (when stocked area is used)
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134 | the LAI would overestimate the transpiring canopy. However, the current solution overestimates e.g. the interception.
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134 | the LAI would overestimate the transpiring canopy. However, the current solution overestimates e.g. the interception.
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135 | If the "thinned out" LAI is below one, the rest (i.e. the gaps) are thought to be covered by ground vegetation.
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135 | If the "thinned out" LAI is below one, the rest (i.e. the gaps) are thought to be covered by ground vegetation.
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136 | */
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136 | */
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137 | if (total_lai<1.) { |
137 | if (total_lai<1.) { |
138 | mCanopyConductance+=(ground_vegetationCC)*(1. - total_lai); |
138 | mCanopyConductance+=(ground_vegetationCC)*(1. - total_lai); |
139 | total_lai = 1.; |
139 | total_lai = 1.; |
140 | }
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140 | }
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141 | mCanopyConductance /= total_lai; |
141 | mCanopyConductance /= total_lai; |
142 | 142 | ||
143 | if (total_lai < Model::settings().laiThresholdForClosedStands) { |
143 | if (total_lai < Model::settings().laiThresholdForClosedStands) { |
144 | // following Landsberg and Waring: when LAI is < 3 (default for laiThresholdForClosedStands), a linear "ramp" from 0 to 3 is assumed
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144 | // following Landsberg and Waring: when LAI is < 3 (default for laiThresholdForClosedStands), a linear "ramp" from 0 to 3 is assumed
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145 | // http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance
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145 | // http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance
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146 | mCanopyConductance *= total_lai / Model::settings().laiThresholdForClosedStands; |
146 | mCanopyConductance *= total_lai / Model::settings().laiThresholdForClosedStands; |
147 | }
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147 | }
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148 | if (logLevelInfo()) qDebug() << "WaterCycle:getStandValues: LAI needle" << mLAINeedle << "LAI Broadl:"<< mLAIBroadleaved << "weighted avg. Conductance (m/2):" << mCanopyConductance; |
148 | if (logLevelInfo()) qDebug() << "WaterCycle:getStandValues: LAI needle" << mLAINeedle << "LAI Broadl:"<< mLAIBroadleaved << "weighted avg. Conductance (m/2):" << mCanopyConductance; |
149 | }
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149 | }
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150 | 150 | ||
151 | /// calculate responses for ground vegetation, i.e. for "unstocked" areas.
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151 | /// calculate responses for ground vegetation, i.e. for "unstocked" areas.
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152 | /// this duplicates calculations done in Species.
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152 | /// this duplicates calculations done in Species.
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153 | /// @return Minimum of vpd and soilwater response for default
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153 | /// @return Minimum of vpd and soilwater response for default
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154 | inline double WaterCycle::calculateBaseSoilAtmosphereResponse(const double psi_kpa, const double vpd_kpa) |
154 | inline double WaterCycle::calculateBaseSoilAtmosphereResponse(const double psi_kpa, const double vpd_kpa) |
155 | {
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155 | {
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156 | // constant parameters used for ground vegetation:
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156 | // constant parameters used for ground vegetation:
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157 | const double mPsiMin = 1.5; // MPa |
157 | const double mPsiMin = 1.5; // MPa |
158 | const double mRespVpdExponent = -0.6; |
158 | const double mRespVpdExponent = -0.6; |
159 | // see SpeciesResponse::soilAtmosphereResponses()
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159 | // see SpeciesResponse::soilAtmosphereResponses()
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160 | double water_resp; |
160 | double water_resp; |
161 | // see Species::soilwaterResponse:
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161 | // see Species::soilwaterResponse:
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162 | const double psi_mpa = psi_kpa / 1000.; // convert to MPa |
162 | const double psi_mpa = psi_kpa / 1000.; // convert to MPa |
163 | water_resp = limit( 1. - psi_mpa / mPsiMin, 0., 1.); |
163 | water_resp = limit( 1. - psi_mpa / mPsiMin, 0., 1.); |
164 | // see species::vpdResponse
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164 | // see species::vpdResponse
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165 | 165 | ||
166 | double vpd_resp; |
166 | double vpd_resp; |
167 | vpd_resp = exp(mRespVpdExponent * vpd_kpa); |
167 | vpd_resp = exp(mRespVpdExponent * vpd_kpa); |
168 | return qMin(water_resp, vpd_resp); |
168 | return qMin(water_resp, vpd_resp); |
169 | }
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169 | }
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170 | 170 | ||
171 | /// calculate combined VPD and soilwaterresponse for all species
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171 | /// calculate combined VPD and soilwaterresponse for all species
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172 | /// on the RU. This is used for the calc. of the transpiration.
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172 | /// on the RU. This is used for the calc. of the transpiration.
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173 | inline double WaterCycle::calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse(const double psi_kpa, const double vpd_kpa) |
173 | inline double WaterCycle::calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse(const double psi_kpa, const double vpd_kpa) |
174 | {
|
174 | {
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175 | double min_response; |
175 | double min_response; |
176 | double total_response = 0; // LAI weighted minimum response for all speices on the RU |
176 | double total_response = 0; // LAI weighted minimum response for all speices on the RU |
177 | double total_lai_factor = 0.; |
177 | double total_lai_factor = 0.; |
178 | foreach(const ResourceUnitSpecies *rus, mRU->ruSpecies()) { |
178 | foreach(const ResourceUnitSpecies *rus, mRU->ruSpecies()) { |
179 | if (rus->LAIfactor()>0.) { |
179 | if (rus->LAIfactor()>0.) { |
180 | // retrieve the minimum of VPD / soil water response for that species
|
180 | // retrieve the minimum of VPD / soil water response for that species
|
181 | rus->speciesResponse()->soilAtmosphereResponses(psi_kpa, vpd_kpa, min_response); |
181 | rus->speciesResponse()->soilAtmosphereResponses(psi_kpa, vpd_kpa, min_response); |
182 | total_response += min_response * rus->LAIfactor(); |
182 | total_response += min_response * rus->LAIfactor(); |
183 | total_lai_factor += rus->LAIfactor(); |
183 | total_lai_factor += rus->LAIfactor(); |
184 | }
|
184 | }
|
185 | }
|
185 | }
|
186 | 186 | ||
187 | if (total_lai_factor<1.) { |
187 | if (total_lai_factor<1.) { |
188 | // the LAI is below 1: the rest is considered as "ground vegetation"
|
188 | // the LAI is below 1: the rest is considered as "ground vegetation"
|
189 | total_response += calculateBaseSoilAtmosphereResponse(psi_kpa, vpd_kpa) * (1. - total_lai_factor); |
189 | total_response += calculateBaseSoilAtmosphereResponse(psi_kpa, vpd_kpa) * (1. - total_lai_factor); |
190 | }
|
190 | }
|
191 | 191 | ||
192 | // add an aging factor to the total response (averageAging: leaf area weighted mean aging value):
|
192 | // add an aging factor to the total response (averageAging: leaf area weighted mean aging value):
|
193 | // conceptually: response = min(vpd_response, water_response)*aging
|
193 | // conceptually: response = min(vpd_response, water_response)*aging
|
194 | if (total_lai_factor==1.) |
194 | if (total_lai_factor==1.) |
195 | total_response *= mRU->averageAging(); // no ground cover: use aging value for all LA |
195 | total_response *= mRU->averageAging(); // no ground cover: use aging value for all LA |
196 | else if (total_lai_factor>0. && mRU->averageAging()>0.) |
196 | else if (total_lai_factor>0. && mRU->averageAging()>0.) |
197 | total_response *= (1.-total_lai_factor)*1. + (total_lai_factor * mRU->averageAging()); // between 0..1: a part of the LAI is "ground cover" (aging=1) |
197 | total_response *= (1.-total_lai_factor)*1. + (total_lai_factor * mRU->averageAging()); // between 0..1: a part of the LAI is "ground cover" (aging=1) |
198 | 198 | ||
199 | DBGMODE(
|
199 | DBGMODE(
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200 | if (mRU->averageAging()>1. || mRU->averageAging()<0. || total_response<0 || total_response>1.) |
200 | if (mRU->averageAging()>1. || mRU->averageAging()<0. || total_response<0 || total_response>1.) |
201 | qDebug() << "water cycle: average aging invalid. aging:" << mRU->averageAging() << "total response" << total_response << "total lai factor:" << total_lai_factor; |
201 | qDebug() << "water cycle: average aging invalid. aging:" << mRU->averageAging() << "total response" << total_response << "total lai factor:" << total_lai_factor; |
202 | ); |
202 | ); |
203 | 203 | ||
204 | //DBG_IF(mRU->averageAging()>1. || mRU->averageAging()<0.,"water cycle", "average aging invalid!" );
|
204 | //DBG_IF(mRU->averageAging()>1. || mRU->averageAging()<0.,"water cycle", "average aging invalid!" );
|
205 | return total_response; |
205 | return total_response; |
206 | }
|
206 | }
|
207 | 207 | ||
208 | 208 | ||
209 | /// Main Water Cycle function. This function triggers all water related tasks for
|
209 | /// Main Water Cycle function. This function triggers all water related tasks for
|
210 | /// one simulation year.
|
210 | /// one simulation year.
|
211 | /// @sa http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle
|
211 | /// @sa http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle
|
212 | void WaterCycle::run() |
212 | void WaterCycle::run() |
213 | {
|
213 | {
|
214 | // necessary?
|
214 | // necessary?
|
215 | if (GlobalSettings::instance()->currentYear() == mLastYear) |
215 | if (GlobalSettings::instance()->currentYear() == mLastYear) |
216 | return; |
216 | return; |
217 | DebugTimer tw("water:run"); |
217 | DebugTimer tw("water:run"); |
218 | WaterCycleData add_data;
|
218 | WaterCycleData add_data;
|
219 | 219 | ||
220 | // preparations (once a year)
|
220 | // preparations (once a year)
|
221 | getStandValues(); // fetch canopy characteristics from iLand (including weighted average for mCanopyConductance) |
221 | getStandValues(); // fetch canopy characteristics from iLand (including weighted average for mCanopyConductance) |
222 | mCanopy.setStandParameters(mLAINeedle, |
222 | mCanopy.setStandParameters(mLAINeedle, |
223 | mLAIBroadleaved, |
223 | mLAIBroadleaved, |
224 | mCanopyConductance); |
224 | mCanopyConductance); |
225 | 225 | ||
226 | // main loop over all days of the year
|
226 | // main loop over all days of the year
|
227 | double prec_mm, prec_after_interception, prec_to_soil, et, excess; |
227 | double prec_mm, prec_after_interception, prec_to_soil, et, excess; |
228 | const Climate *climate = mRU->climate(); |
228 | const Climate *climate = mRU->climate(); |
229 | const ClimateDay *day = climate->begin(); |
229 | const ClimateDay *day = climate->begin(); |
230 | const ClimateDay *end = climate->end(); |
230 | const ClimateDay *end = climate->end(); |
231 | int doy=0; |
231 | int doy=0; |
232 | mTotalExcess = 0.; |
232 | mTotalExcess = 0.; |
233 | mTotalET = 0.; |
233 | mTotalET = 0.; |
234 | mSnowRad = 0.; |
234 | mSnowRad = 0.; |
235 | mSnowDays = 0; |
235 | mSnowDays = 0; |
236 | for (; day<end; ++day, ++doy) { |
236 | for (; day<end; ++day, ++doy) { |
237 | // (1) precipitation of the day
|
237 | // (1) precipitation of the day
|
238 | prec_mm = day->preciptitation; |
238 | prec_mm = day->preciptitation; |
239 | // (2) interception by the crown
|
239 | // (2) interception by the crown
|
240 | prec_after_interception = mCanopy.flow(prec_mm); |
240 | prec_after_interception = mCanopy.flow(prec_mm); |
241 | // (3) storage in the snow pack
|
241 | // (3) storage in the snow pack
|
242 | prec_to_soil = mSnowPack.flow(prec_after_interception, day->temperature); |
242 | prec_to_soil = mSnowPack.flow(prec_after_interception, day->temperature); |
243 | // save extra data (used by e.g. fire module)
|
243 | // save extra data (used by e.g. fire module)
|
244 | add_data.water_to_ground[doy] = prec_to_soil; |
244 | add_data.water_to_ground[doy] = prec_to_soil; |
245 | add_data.snow_cover[doy] = mSnowPack.snowPack(); |
245 | add_data.snow_cover[doy] = mSnowPack.snowPack(); |
246 | if (mSnowPack.snowPack()>0.) { |
246 | if (mSnowPack.snowPack()>0.) { |
247 | mSnowRad += day->radiation; |
247 | mSnowRad += day->radiation; |
248 | mSnowDays++; |
248 | mSnowDays++; |
249 | }
|
249 | }
|
250 | 250 | ||
251 | // (4) add rest to soil
|
251 | // (4) add rest to soil
|
252 | mContent += prec_to_soil; |
252 | mContent += prec_to_soil; |
253 | 253 | ||
254 | excess = 0.; |
254 | excess = 0.; |
255 | if (mContent>mFieldCapacity) { |
255 | if (mContent>mFieldCapacity) { |
256 | // excess water runoff
|
256 | // excess water runoff
|
257 | excess = mContent - mFieldCapacity; |
257 | excess = mContent - mFieldCapacity; |
258 | mTotalExcess += excess; |
258 | mTotalExcess += excess; |
259 | mContent = mFieldCapacity; |
259 | mContent = mFieldCapacity; |
260 | }
|
260 | }
|
261 | 261 | ||
262 | double current_psi = psiFromHeight(mContent); |
262 | double current_psi = psiFromHeight(mContent); |
263 | mPsi[doy] = current_psi; |
263 | mPsi[doy] = current_psi; |
264 | 264 | ||
265 | // (5) transpiration of the vegetation (and of water intercepted in canopy)
|
265 | // (5) transpiration of the vegetation (and of water intercepted in canopy)
|
266 | // calculate the LAI-weighted response values for soil water and vpd:
|
266 | // calculate the LAI-weighted response values for soil water and vpd:
|
267 | double interception_before_transpiration = mCanopy.interception(); |
267 | double interception_before_transpiration = mCanopy.interception(); |
268 | double combined_response = calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse( current_psi, day->vpd); |
268 | double combined_response = calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse( current_psi, day->vpd); |
269 | et = mCanopy.evapotranspiration3PG(day, climate->daylength_h(doy), combined_response); |
269 | et = mCanopy.evapotranspiration3PG(day, climate->daylength_h(doy), combined_response); |
270 | // if there is some flow from intercepted water to the ground -> add to "water_to_the_ground"
|
270 | // if there is some flow from intercepted water to the ground -> add to "water_to_the_ground"
|
271 | if (mCanopy.interception() < interception_before_transpiration) |
271 | if (mCanopy.interception() < interception_before_transpiration) |
272 | add_data.water_to_ground[doy]+= interception_before_transpiration - mCanopy.interception(); |
272 | add_data.water_to_ground[doy]+= interception_before_transpiration - mCanopy.interception(); |
273 | 273 | ||
274 | mContent -= et; // reduce content (transpiration) |
274 | mContent -= et; // reduce content (transpiration) |
275 | // add intercepted water (that is *not* evaporated) again to the soil (or add to snow if temp too low -> call to snowpack)
|
275 | // add intercepted water (that is *not* evaporated) again to the soil (or add to snow if temp too low -> call to snowpack)
|
276 | mContent += mSnowPack.add(mCanopy.interception(),day->temperature); |
276 | mContent += mSnowPack.add(mCanopy.interception(),day->temperature); |
277 | 277 | ||
278 | // do not remove water below the PWP (fixed value)
|
278 | // do not remove water below the PWP (fixed value)
|
279 | if (mContent<mPermanentWiltingPoint) { |
279 | if (mContent<mPermanentWiltingPoint) { |
280 | et -= mPermanentWiltingPoint - mContent; // reduce et (for bookkeeping) |
280 | et -= mPermanentWiltingPoint - mContent; // reduce et (for bookkeeping) |
281 | mContent = mPermanentWiltingPoint; |
281 | mContent = mPermanentWiltingPoint; |
282 | }
|
282 | }
|
283 | 283 | ||
284 | mTotalET += et; |
284 | mTotalET += et; |
285 | 285 | ||
286 | //DBGMODE(
|
286 | //DBGMODE(
|
287 | if (GlobalSettings::instance()->isDebugEnabled(GlobalSettings::dWaterCycle)) { |
287 | if (GlobalSettings::instance()->isDebugEnabled(GlobalSettings::dWaterCycle)) { |
288 | DebugList &out = GlobalSettings::instance()->debugList(day->id(), GlobalSettings::dWaterCycle); |
288 | DebugList &out = GlobalSettings::instance()->debugList(day->id(), GlobalSettings::dWaterCycle); |
289 | // climatic variables
|
289 | // climatic variables
|
290 | out << day->id() << mRU->index() << mRU->id() << day->temperature << day->vpd << day->preciptitation << day->radiation; |
290 | out << day->id() << mRU->index() << mRU->id() << day->temperature << day->vpd << day->preciptitation << day->radiation; |
291 | out << combined_response; // combined response of all species on RU (min(water, vpd)) |
291 | out << combined_response; // combined response of all species on RU (min(water, vpd)) |
292 | // fluxes
|
292 | // fluxes
|
293 | out << prec_after_interception << prec_to_soil << et << mCanopy.evaporationCanopy() |
293 | out << prec_after_interception << prec_to_soil << et << mCanopy.evaporationCanopy() |
294 | << mContent << mPsi[doy] << excess; |
294 | << mContent << mPsi[doy] << excess; |
295 | // other states
|
295 | // other states
|
296 | out << mSnowPack.snowPack(); |
296 | out << mSnowPack.snowPack(); |
297 | //special sanity check:
|
297 | //special sanity check:
|
298 | if (prec_to_soil>0. && mCanopy.interception()>0.) |
298 | if (prec_to_soil>0. && mCanopy.interception()>0.) |
299 | if (mSnowPack.snowPack()==0. && day->preciptitation==0) |
299 | if (mSnowPack.snowPack()==0. && day->preciptitation==0) |
300 | qDebug() << "watercontent increase without precipititaion"; |
300 | qDebug() << "watercontent increase without precipititaion"; |
301 | 301 | ||
302 | }
|
302 | }
|
303 | //); // DBGMODE()
|
303 | //); // DBGMODE()
|
304 | 304 | ||
305 | }
|
305 | }
|
306 | // call external modules
|
306 | // call external modules
|
307 | GlobalSettings::instance()->model()->modules()->calculateWater(mRU, &add_data); |
307 | GlobalSettings::instance()->model()->modules()->calculateWater(mRU, &add_data); |
308 | mLastYear = GlobalSettings::instance()->currentYear(); |
308 | mLastYear = GlobalSettings::instance()->currentYear(); |
309 | 309 | ||
310 | }
|
310 | }
|
311 | 311 | ||
312 | 312 | ||
313 | namespace Water { |
313 | namespace Water { |
314 | 314 | ||
315 | /** calculates the input/output of water that is stored in the snow pack.
|
315 | /** calculates the input/output of water that is stored in the snow pack.
|
316 | The approach is similar to Picus 1.3 and ForestBGC (Running, 1988).
|
316 | The approach is similar to Picus 1.3 and ForestBGC (Running, 1988).
|
317 | Returns the amount of water that exits the snowpack (precipitation, snow melt) */
|
317 | Returns the amount of water that exits the snowpack (precipitation, snow melt) */
|
318 | double SnowPack::flow(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
318 | double SnowPack::flow(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
319 | {
|
319 | {
|
320 | if (temperature>mSnowTemperature) { |
320 | if (temperature>mSnowTemperature) { |
321 | if (mSnowPack==0.) |
321 | if (mSnowPack==0.) |
322 | return preciptitation_mm; // no change |
322 | return preciptitation_mm; // no change |
323 | else { |
323 | else { |
324 | // snow melts
|
324 | // snow melts
|
325 | const double melting_coefficient = 0.7; // mm/C |
325 | const double melting_coefficient = 0.7; // mm/C |
326 | double melt = qMin( (temperature-mSnowTemperature) * melting_coefficient, mSnowPack); |
326 | double melt = qMin( (temperature-mSnowTemperature) * melting_coefficient, mSnowPack); |
327 | mSnowPack -=melt; |
327 | mSnowPack -=melt; |
328 | return preciptitation_mm + melt; |
328 | return preciptitation_mm + melt; |
329 | }
|
329 | }
|
330 | } else { |
330 | } else { |
331 | // snow:
|
331 | // snow:
|
332 | mSnowPack += preciptitation_mm; |
332 | mSnowPack += preciptitation_mm; |
333 | return 0.; // no output. |
333 | return 0.; // no output. |
334 | }
|
334 | }
|
335 | 335 | ||
336 | }
|
336 | }
|
337 | 337 | ||
338 | 338 | ||
339 | inline double SnowPack::add(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
339 | inline double SnowPack::add(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
340 | {
|
340 | {
|
341 | // do nothing for temps > 0 C
|
341 | // do nothing for temps > 0 C
|
342 | if (temperature>mSnowTemperature) |
342 | if (temperature>mSnowTemperature) |
343 | return preciptitation_mm; |
343 | return preciptitation_mm; |
344 | 344 | ||
345 | // temps < 0 C: add to snow
|
345 | // temps < 0 C: add to snow
|
346 | mSnowPack += preciptitation_mm; |
346 | mSnowPack += preciptitation_mm; |
347 | return 0.; |
347 | return 0.; |
348 | }
|
348 | }
|
349 | 349 | ||
350 | /** Interception in crown canopy.
|
350 | /** Interception in crown canopy.
|
351 | Calculates the amount of preciptitation that does not reach the ground and
|
351 | Calculates the amount of preciptitation that does not reach the ground and
|
352 | is stored in the canopy. The approach is adopted from Picus 1.3.
|
352 | is stored in the canopy. The approach is adopted from Picus 1.3.
|
353 | Returns the amount of precipitation (mm) that surpasses the canopy layer.
|
353 | Returns the amount of precipitation (mm) that surpasses the canopy layer.
|
354 | @sa http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#precipitation_and_interception */
|
354 | @sa http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#precipitation_and_interception */
|
355 | double Canopy::flow(const double &preciptitation_mm) |
355 | double Canopy::flow(const double &preciptitation_mm) |
356 | {
|
356 | {
|
357 | // sanity checks
|
357 | // sanity checks
|
358 | mInterception = 0.; |
358 | mInterception = 0.; |
359 | mEvaporation = 0.; |
359 | mEvaporation = 0.; |
360 | if (!mLAI) |
360 | if (!mLAI) |
361 | return preciptitation_mm; |
361 | return preciptitation_mm; |
362 | if (!preciptitation_mm) |
362 | if (!preciptitation_mm) |
363 | return 0.; |
363 | return 0.; |
364 | double max_interception_mm=0.; // maximum interception based on the current foliage |
364 | double max_interception_mm=0.; // maximum interception based on the current foliage |
365 | double max_storage_mm=0.; // maximum storage in canopy (current LAI) |
365 | double max_storage_mm=0.; // maximum storage in canopy (current LAI) |
366 | double max_storage_potentital = 0.; // storage capacity at very high LAI |
366 | double max_storage_potentital = 0.; // storage capacity at very high LAI |
367 | 367 | ||
368 | if (mLAINeedle>0.) { |
368 | if (mLAINeedle>0.) { |
369 | // (1) calculate maximum fraction of thru-flow the crown (based on precipitation)
|
369 | // (1) calculate maximum fraction of thru-flow the crown (based on precipitation)
|
370 | double max_flow_needle = 0.9 * sqrt(1.03 - exp(-0.055*preciptitation_mm)); |
370 | double max_flow_needle = 0.9 * sqrt(1.03 - exp(-0.055*preciptitation_mm)); |
371 | max_interception_mm += preciptitation_mm * (1. - max_flow_needle * mLAINeedle/mLAI); |
371 | max_interception_mm += preciptitation_mm * (1. - max_flow_needle * mLAINeedle/mLAI); |
372 | // (2) calculate maximum storage potential based on the current LAI
|
372 | // (2) calculate maximum storage potential based on the current LAI
|
373 | // by weighing the needle/decidious storage capacity
|
373 | // by weighing the needle/decidious storage capacity
|
374 | max_storage_potentital += mNeedleFactor * mLAINeedle/mLAI; |
374 | max_storage_potentital += mNeedleFactor * mLAINeedle/mLAI; |
375 | }
|
375 | }
|
376 | 376 | ||
377 | if (mLAIBroadleaved>0.) { |
377 | if (mLAIBroadleaved>0.) { |
378 | // (1) calculate maximum fraction of thru-flow the crown (based on precipitation)
|
378 | // (1) calculate maximum fraction of thru-flow the crown (based on precipitation)
|
379 | double max_flow_broad = 0.9 * pow(1.22 - exp(-0.055*preciptitation_mm), 0.35); |
379 | double max_flow_broad = 0.9 * pow(1.22 - exp(-0.055*preciptitation_mm), 0.35); |
380 | max_interception_mm += preciptitation_mm * (1. - max_flow_broad) * mLAIBroadleaved/mLAI; |
380 | max_interception_mm += preciptitation_mm * (1. - max_flow_broad) * mLAIBroadleaved/mLAI; |
381 | // (2) calculate maximum storage potential based on the current LAI
|
381 | // (2) calculate maximum storage potential based on the current LAI
|
382 | max_storage_potentital += mDecidousFactor * mLAIBroadleaved/mLAI; |
382 | max_storage_potentital += mDecidousFactor * mLAIBroadleaved/mLAI; |
383 | }
|
383 | }
|
384 | 384 | ||
385 | // the extent to which the maximum stoarge capacity is exploited, depends on LAI:
|
385 | // the extent to which the maximum stoarge capacity is exploited, depends on LAI:
|
386 | max_storage_mm = max_storage_potentital * (1. - exp(-0.5 * mLAI)); |
386 | max_storage_mm = max_storage_potentital * (1. - exp(-0.5 * mLAI)); |
387 | 387 | ||
388 | // (3) calculate actual interception and store for evaporation calculation
|
388 | // (3) calculate actual interception and store for evaporation calculation
|
389 | mInterception = qMin( max_storage_mm, max_interception_mm ); |
389 | mInterception = qMin( max_storage_mm, max_interception_mm ); |
390 | 390 | ||
391 | // (4) limit interception with amount of precipitation
|
391 | // (4) limit interception with amount of precipitation
|
392 | mInterception = qMin( mInterception, preciptitation_mm ); |
392 | mInterception = qMin( mInterception, preciptitation_mm ); |
393 | 393 | ||
394 | // (5) reduce preciptitaion by the amount that is intercepted by the canopy
|
394 | // (5) reduce preciptitaion by the amount that is intercepted by the canopy
|
395 | return preciptitation_mm - mInterception; |
395 | return preciptitation_mm - mInterception; |
396 | 396 | ||
397 | }
|
397 | }
|
398 | 398 | ||
399 | /// sets up the canopy. fetch some global parameter values...
|
399 | /// sets up the canopy. fetch some global parameter values...
|
400 | void Canopy::setup() |
400 | void Canopy::setup() |
401 | {
|
401 | {
|
402 | mAirDensity = Model::settings().airDensity; // kg / m3 |
402 | mAirDensity = Model::settings().airDensity; // kg / m3 |
403 | }
|
403 | }
|
404 | 404 | ||
405 | void Canopy::setStandParameters(const double LAIneedle, const double LAIbroadleave, const double maxCanopyConductance) |
405 | void Canopy::setStandParameters(const double LAIneedle, const double LAIbroadleave, const double maxCanopyConductance) |
406 | {
|
406 | {
|
407 | mLAINeedle = LAIneedle; |
407 | mLAINeedle = LAIneedle; |
408 | mLAIBroadleaved=LAIbroadleave; |
408 | mLAIBroadleaved=LAIbroadleave; |
409 | mLAI=LAIneedle+LAIbroadleave; |
409 | mLAI=LAIneedle+LAIbroadleave; |
410 | mAvgMaxCanopyConductance = maxCanopyConductance; |
410 | mAvgMaxCanopyConductance = maxCanopyConductance; |
411 | 411 | ||
412 | // clear aggregation containers
|
412 | // clear aggregation containers
|
413 | for (int i=0;i<12;++i) mET0[i]=0.; |
413 | for (int i=0;i<12;++i) mET0[i]=0.; |
414 | 414 | ||
415 | }
|
415 | }
|
416 | 416 | ||
417 | 417 | ||
418 | 418 | ||
419 | /** calculate the daily evaporation/transpiration using the Penman-Monteith-Equation.
|
419 | /** calculate the daily evaporation/transpiration using the Penman-Monteith-Equation.
|
420 | This version is based on 3PG. See the Visual Basic Code in 3PGjs.xls.
|
420 | This version is based on 3PG. See the Visual Basic Code in 3PGjs.xls.
|
421 | Returns the total sum of evaporation+transpiration in mm of the day. */
|
421 | Returns the total sum of evaporation+transpiration in mm of the day. */
|
422 | double Canopy::evapotranspiration3PG(const ClimateDay *climate, const double daylength_h, const double combined_response) |
422 | double Canopy::evapotranspiration3PG(const ClimateDay *climate, const double daylength_h, const double combined_response) |
423 | {
|
423 | {
|
424 | double vpd_mbar = climate->vpd * 10.; // convert from kPa to mbar |
424 | double vpd_mbar = climate->vpd * 10.; // convert from kPa to mbar |
425 | double temperature = climate->temperature; // average temperature of the day (degree C) |
425 | double temperature = climate->temperature; // average temperature of the day (degree C) |
426 | double daylength = daylength_h * 3600.; // daylength in seconds (convert from length in hours) |
426 | double daylength = daylength_h * 3600.; // daylength in seconds (convert from length in hours) |
427 | double rad = climate->radiation / daylength * 1000000; //convert from MJ/m2 (day sum) to average radiation flow W/m2 [MJ=MWs -> /s * 1,000,000 |
427 | double rad = climate->radiation / daylength * 1000000; //convert from MJ/m2 (day sum) to average radiation flow W/m2 [MJ=MWs -> /s * 1,000,000 |
428 | 428 | ||
429 | // the radiation: based on linear empirical function
|
429 | // the radiation: based on linear empirical function
|
430 | const double qa = -90.; |
430 | const double qa = -90.; |
431 | const double qb = 0.8; |
431 | const double qb = 0.8; |
432 | double net_rad = qa + qb*rad; |
432 | double net_rad = qa + qb*rad; |
433 | 433 | ||
434 | //: Landsberg original: const double e20 = 2.2; //rate of change of saturated VP with T at 20C
|
434 | //: Landsberg original: const double e20 = 2.2; //rate of change of saturated VP with T at 20C
|
435 | const double VPDconv = 0.000622; //convert VPD to saturation deficit = 18/29/1000 = molecular weight of H2O/molecular weight of air |
435 | const double VPDconv = 0.000622; //convert VPD to saturation deficit = 18/29/1000 = molecular weight of H2O/molecular weight of air |
436 | const double latent_heat = 2460000.; // Latent heat of vaporization. Energy required per unit mass of water vaporized [J kg-1] |
436 | const double latent_heat = 2460000.; // Latent heat of vaporization. Energy required per unit mass of water vaporized [J kg-1] |
437 | 437 | ||
438 | double gBL = Model::settings().boundaryLayerConductance; // boundary layer conductance |
438 | double gBL = Model::settings().boundaryLayerConductance; // boundary layer conductance |
439 | 439 | ||
440 | // canopy conductance.
|
440 | // canopy conductance.
|
441 | // The species traits are weighted by LAI on the RU.
|
441 | // The species traits are weighted by LAI on the RU.
|
442 | // maximum canopy conductance: see getStandValues()
|
442 | // maximum canopy conductance: see getStandValues()
|
443 | // current response: see calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse(). This is basically a weighted average of min(water_response, vpd_response) for each species
|
443 | // current response: see calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse(). This is basically a weighted average of min(water_response, vpd_response) for each species
|
444 | double gC = mAvgMaxCanopyConductance * combined_response; |
444 | double gC = mAvgMaxCanopyConductance * combined_response; |
445 | 445 | ||
446 | 446 | ||
447 | double defTerm = mAirDensity * latent_heat * (vpd_mbar * VPDconv) * gBL; |
447 | double defTerm = mAirDensity * latent_heat * (vpd_mbar * VPDconv) * gBL; |
448 | 448 | ||
449 | // with temperature-dependent slope of vapor pressure saturation curve
|
449 | // with temperature-dependent slope of vapor pressure saturation curve
|
450 | // (following Allen et al. (1998), http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e07.htm#atmospheric%20parameters)
|
450 | // (following Allen et al. (1998), http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e07.htm#atmospheric%20parameters)
|
451 | // svp_slope in mbar.
|
451 | // svp_slope in mbar.
|
452 | //double svp_slope = 4098. * (6.1078 * exp(17.269 * temperature / (temperature + 237.3))) / ((237.3+temperature)*(237.3+temperature));
|
452 | //double svp_slope = 4098. * (6.1078 * exp(17.269 * temperature / (temperature + 237.3))) / ((237.3+temperature)*(237.3+temperature));
|
453 | 453 | ||
454 | // alternatively: very simple variant (following here the original 3PG code). This
|
454 | // alternatively: very simple variant (following here the original 3PG code). This
|
455 | // keeps yields +- same results for summer, but slightly lower values in winter (2011/03/16)
|
455 | // keeps yields +- same results for summer, but slightly lower values in winter (2011/03/16)
|
456 | double svp_slope = 2.2; |
456 | double svp_slope = 2.2; |
457 | 457 | ||
458 | double div = (1. + svp_slope + gBL / gC); |
458 | double div = (1. + svp_slope + gBL / gC); |
459 | double Etransp = (svp_slope * net_rad + defTerm) / div; |
459 | double Etransp = (svp_slope * net_rad + defTerm) / div; |
460 | double canopy_transpiration = Etransp / latent_heat * daylength; |
460 | double canopy_transpiration = Etransp / latent_heat * daylength; |
461 | 461 | ||
462 | // calculate reference evapotranspiration
|
462 | // calculate reference evapotranspiration
|
463 | // see Adair et al 2008
|
463 | // see Adair et al 2008
|
464 | const double psychrometric_const = 0.0672718682328237; // kPa/degC |
464 | const double psychrometric_const = 0.0672718682328237; // kPa/degC |
465 | const double windspeed = 2.; // m/s |
465 | const double windspeed = 2.; // m/s |
466 | double net_rad_mj_day = net_rad*daylength/1000000.; // convert W/m2 again to MJ/m2*day |
466 | double net_rad_mj_day = net_rad*daylength/1000000.; // convert W/m2 again to MJ/m2*day |
467 | double et0_day = 0.408*svp_slope*net_rad_mj_day + psychrometric_const*900./(temperature+273.)*windspeed*climate->vpd; |
467 | double et0_day = 0.408*svp_slope*net_rad_mj_day + psychrometric_const*900./(temperature+273.)*windspeed*climate->vpd; |
468 | double et0_div = svp_slope+psychrometric_const*(1.+0.34*windspeed); |
468 | double et0_div = svp_slope+psychrometric_const*(1.+0.34*windspeed); |
469 | et0_day = et0_day / et0_div; |
469 | et0_day = et0_day / et0_div; |
470 | mET0[climate->month-1] += et0_day; |
470 | mET0[climate->month-1] += et0_day; |
471 | 471 | ||
472 | if (mInterception>0.) { |
472 | if (mInterception>0.) { |
473 | // we assume that for evaporation from leaf surface gBL/gC -> 0
|
473 | // we assume that for evaporation from leaf surface gBL/gC -> 0
|
474 | double div_evap = 1. + svp_slope; |
474 | double div_evap = 1. + svp_slope; |
475 | double evap_canopy_potential = (svp_slope*net_rad + defTerm) / div_evap / latent_heat * daylength; |
475 | double evap_canopy_potential = (svp_slope*net_rad + defTerm) / div_evap / latent_heat * daylength; |
476 | // reduce the amount of transpiration on a wet day based on the approach of
|
476 | // reduce the amount of transpiration on a wet day based on the approach of
|
477 | // Wigmosta et al (1994). see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance
|
477 | // Wigmosta et al (1994). see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance
|
478 | 478 | ||
479 | double ratio_T_E = canopy_transpiration / evap_canopy_potential; |
479 | double ratio_T_E = canopy_transpiration / evap_canopy_potential; |
480 | double evap_canopy = qMin(evap_canopy_potential, mInterception); |
480 | double evap_canopy = qMin(evap_canopy_potential, mInterception); |
481 | 481 | ||
482 | // for interception -> 0, the canopy transpiration is unchanged
|
482 | // for interception -> 0, the canopy transpiration is unchanged
|
483 | canopy_transpiration = (evap_canopy_potential - evap_canopy) * ratio_T_E; |
483 | canopy_transpiration = (evap_canopy_potential - evap_canopy) * ratio_T_E; |
484 | 484 | ||
485 | mInterception -= evap_canopy; // reduce interception |
485 | mInterception -= evap_canopy; // reduce interception |
486 | mEvaporation = evap_canopy; // evaporation from intercepted water |
486 | mEvaporation = evap_canopy; // evaporation from intercepted water |
487 | 487 | ||
488 | }
|
488 | }
|
489 | return canopy_transpiration; |
489 | return canopy_transpiration; |
490 | }
|
490 | }
|
491 | 491 | ||
492 | } // end namespace |
492 | } // end namespace |
493 | 493 |