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1 | |||
237 | werner | 2 | #include "global.h" |
3 | #include "watercycle.h" |
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4 | #include "climate.h" |
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5 | #include "resourceunit.h" |
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6 | #include "species.h" |
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239 | werner | 7 | #include "model.h" |
237 | werner | 8 | |
9 | WaterCycle::WaterCycle() |
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10 | { |
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266 | werner | 11 | mSoilDepth = 0; |
496 | werner | 12 | mLastYear = -1; |
237 | werner | 13 | } |
14 | |||
239 | werner | 15 | void WaterCycle::setup(const ResourceUnit *ru) |
237 | werner | 16 | { |
17 | mRU = ru; |
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18 | // get values... |
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266 | werner | 19 | mFieldCapacity = 0.; // on top |
281 | werner | 20 | const XmlHelper &xml=GlobalSettings::instance()->settings(); |
21 | mSoilDepth = xml.valueDouble("model.site.soilDepth", 0.) * 10; // convert from cm to mm |
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338 | werner | 22 | double pct_sand = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctSand"); |
23 | double pct_silt = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctSilt"); |
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24 | double pct_clay = xml.valueDouble("model.site.pctClay"); |
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572 | werner | 25 | if (fabs(100. - (pct_sand + pct_silt + pct_clay)) > 0.01) |
338 | werner | 26 | throw IException(QString("Setup Watercycle: soil composition percentages do not sum up to 100. Sand: %1, Silt: %2 Clay: %3").arg(pct_sand).arg(pct_silt).arg(pct_clay)); |
27 | |||
28 | // calculate soil characteristics based on empirical functions (Schwalm & Ek, 2004) |
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29 | // note: the variables are percentages [0..100] |
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30 | mPsi_ref = -exp((1.54 - 0.0095*pct_sand + 0.0063*pct_silt) * log(10)) * 0.000098; // Eq. 83 |
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31 | mPsi_koeff_b = -( 3.1 + 0.157*pct_clay - 0.003*pct_sand ); // Eq. 84 |
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32 | mRho_ref = 0.01 * (50.5 - 0.142*pct_sand - 0.037*pct_clay); // Eq. 78 |
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240 | werner | 33 | mCanopy.setup(); |
339 | werner | 34 | |
35 | mPermanentWiltingPoint = heightFromPsi(-4000); // maximum psi is set to a constant of -4MPa |
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379 | werner | 36 | if (xml.valueBool("model.settings.waterUseSoilSaturation",false)==false) { |
37 | mFieldCapacity = heightFromPsi(-15); |
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38 | } else { |
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39 | // =-EXP((1.54-0.0095* pctSand +0.0063* pctSilt)*LN(10))*0.000098 |
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40 | double psi_sat = -exp((1.54-0.0095 * pct_sand + 0.0063*pct_silt)*log(10.))*0.000098; |
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41 | mFieldCapacity = heightFromPsi(psi_sat); |
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431 | werner | 42 | if (logLevelDebug()) qDebug() << "psi: saturation " << psi_sat << "field capacity:" << mFieldCapacity; |
379 | werner | 43 | } |
44 | |||
266 | werner | 45 | mContent = mFieldCapacity; // start with full water content (in the middle of winter) |
431 | werner | 46 | if (logLevelDebug()) qDebug() << "setup of water: Psi_ref (kPa)" << mPsi_ref << "Rho_ref" << mRho_ref << "coeff. b" << mPsi_koeff_b; |
566 | werner | 47 | mCanopyConductance = 0.; |
496 | werner | 48 | mLastYear = -1; |
237 | werner | 49 | } |
50 | |||
331 | werner | 51 | /** function to calculate the water pressure [saugspannung] for a given amount of water. |
338 | werner | 52 | returns water potential in kPa. |
53 | see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance */ |
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266 | werner | 54 | inline double WaterCycle::psiFromHeight(const double mm) const |
55 | { |
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56 | // psi_x = psi_ref * ( rho_x / rho_ref) ^ b |
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57 | if (mm<0.001) |
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58 | return -100000000; |
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59 | double psi_x = mPsi_ref * pow((mm / mSoilDepth / mRho_ref),mPsi_koeff_b); |
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338 | werner | 60 | return psi_x; // pis |
266 | werner | 61 | } |
62 | |||
331 | werner | 63 | /// calculate the height of the water column for a given pressure |
338 | werner | 64 | /// return water amount in mm |
65 | /// see http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance |
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266 | werner | 66 | inline double WaterCycle::heightFromPsi(const double psi_kpa) const |
67 | { |
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68 | // rho_x = rho_ref * (psi_x / psi_ref)^(1/b) |
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69 | double h = mSoilDepth * mRho_ref * pow(psi_kpa / mPsi_ref, 1./mPsi_koeff_b); |
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70 | return h; |
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71 | } |
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72 | |||
331 | werner | 73 | /// get canopy characteristics of the resource unit. |
74 | /// It is important, that species-statistics are valid when this function is called (LAI)! |
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237 | werner | 75 | void WaterCycle::getStandValues() |
76 | { |
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246 | werner | 77 | mLAINeedle=mLAIBroadleaved=0.; |
237 | werner | 78 | mCanopyConductance=0.; |
553 | werner | 79 | const double ground_vegetationCC = 0.02; |
237 | werner | 80 | double lai; |
455 | werner | 81 | foreach(ResourceUnitSpecies *rus, mRU->ruSpecies()) { |
82 | lai = rus->constStatistics().leafAreaIndex(); |
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83 | if (rus->species()->isConiferous()) |
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237 | werner | 84 | mLAINeedle+=lai; |
85 | else |
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86 | mLAIBroadleaved+=lai; |
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455 | werner | 87 | mCanopyConductance += rus->species()->canopyConductance() * lai; // weigh with LAI |
237 | werner | 88 | } |
89 | double total_lai = mLAIBroadleaved+mLAINeedle; |
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502 | werner | 90 | |
91 | // handle cases with LAI < 1 (use generic "ground cover characteristics" instead) |
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92 | if (total_lai<1.) { |
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553 | werner | 93 | mCanopyConductance+=(ground_vegetationCC)*(1. - total_lai); |
502 | werner | 94 | total_lai = 1.; |
237 | werner | 95 | } |
502 | werner | 96 | mCanopyConductance /= total_lai; |
97 | |||
368 | werner | 98 | if (total_lai < Model::settings().laiThresholdForClosedStands) { |
99 | // following Landsberg and Waring: when LAI is < 3 (default for laiThresholdForClosedStands), a linear "ramp" from 0 to 3 is assumed |
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299 | werner | 100 | // http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#transpiration_and_canopy_conductance |
368 | werner | 101 | mCanopyConductance *= total_lai / Model::settings().laiThresholdForClosedStands; |
237 | werner | 102 | } |
431 | werner | 103 | if (logLevelInfo()) qDebug() << "WaterCycle:getStandValues: LAI needle" << mLAINeedle << "LAI Broadl:"<< mLAIBroadleaved << "weighted avg. Conductance (m/2):" << mCanopyConductance; |
237 | werner | 104 | } |
105 | |||
502 | werner | 106 | /// calculate responses for ground vegetation, i.e. for "unstocked" areas. |
107 | /// this duplicates calculations done in Species. |
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108 | /// @return Minimum of vpd and soilwater response for default |
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109 | inline double WaterCycle::calculateBaseSoilAtmosphereResponse(const double psi_kpa, const double vpd_kpa) |
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110 | { |
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111 | // constant parameters used for ground vegetation: |
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503 | werner | 112 | const double mPsiMin = 1.5; // MPa |
502 | werner | 113 | const double mRespVpdExponent = -0.6; |
114 | // see SpeciesResponse::soilAtmosphereResponses() |
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115 | double water_resp; |
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116 | // see Species::soilwaterResponse: |
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117 | const double psi_mpa = psi_kpa / 1000.; // convert to MPa |
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118 | water_resp = limit( 1. - psi_mpa / mPsiMin, 0., 1.); |
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119 | // see species::vpdResponse |
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120 | |||
121 | double vpd_resp; |
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122 | vpd_resp = exp(mRespVpdExponent * vpd_kpa); |
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123 | return qMin(water_resp, vpd_resp); |
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124 | } |
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125 | |||
367 | werner | 126 | /// calculate combined VPD and soilwaterresponse for all species |
127 | /// on the RU. This is used for the calc. of the transpiration. |
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128 | inline double WaterCycle::calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse(const double psi_kpa, const double vpd_kpa) |
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129 | { |
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130 | double min_response; |
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502 | werner | 131 | double total_response = 0; // LAI weighted minimum response for all speices on the RU |
132 | double total_lai_factor = 0.; |
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455 | werner | 133 | foreach(ResourceUnitSpecies *rus, mRU->ruSpecies()) { |
134 | if (rus->LAIfactor()>0) { |
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502 | werner | 135 | // retrieve the minimum of VPD / soil water response for that species |
455 | werner | 136 | rus->speciesResponse()->soilAtmosphereResponses(psi_kpa, vpd_kpa, min_response); |
137 | total_response += min_response * rus->LAIfactor(); |
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502 | werner | 138 | total_lai_factor += rus->LAIfactor(); |
367 | werner | 139 | } |
140 | } |
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455 | werner | 141 | |
502 | werner | 142 | if (total_lai_factor<1.) { |
143 | // the LAI is below 1: the rest is considered as "ground vegetation" |
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144 | total_response += calculateBaseSoilAtmosphereResponse(psi_kpa, vpd_kpa) * (1. - total_lai_factor); |
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145 | } |
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146 | |||
377 | werner | 147 | // add an aging factor to the total response (averageAging: leaf area weighted mean aging value): |
148 | // conceptually: response = min(vpd_response, water_response)*aging |
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503 | werner | 149 | if (total_lai_factor==1.) |
150 | total_response *= mRU->averageAging(); // no ground cover: use aging value for all LA |
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151 | else if (total_lai_factor>0. && mRU->averageAging()>0.) |
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152 | total_response *= (1.-total_lai_factor)*1. + (total_lai_factor * mRU->averageAging()); // between 0..1: a part of the LAI is "ground cover" (aging=1) |
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502 | werner | 153 | |
504 | werner | 154 | DBGMODE( if (mRU->averageAging()>1. || mRU->averageAging()<0. || total_response<0 || total_response>1.) |
155 | qDebug() << "water cycle: average aging invalid. aging:" << mRU->averageAging() << "total response" << total_response; |
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484 | werner | 156 | ); |
482 | werner | 157 | |
158 | //DBG_IF(mRU->averageAging()>1. || mRU->averageAging()<0.,"water cycle", "average aging invalid!" ); |
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367 | werner | 159 | return total_response; |
160 | } |
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161 | |||
162 | |||
237 | werner | 163 | /// Main Water Cycle function. This function triggers all water related tasks for |
164 | /// one simulation year. |
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299 | werner | 165 | /// @sa http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle |
237 | werner | 166 | void WaterCycle::run() |
167 | { |
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496 | werner | 168 | // necessary? |
169 | if (GlobalSettings::instance()->currentYear() == mLastYear) |
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170 | return; |
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237 | werner | 171 | // preparations (once a year) |
367 | werner | 172 | getStandValues(); // fetch canopy characteristics from iLand (including weighted average for mCanopyConductance) |
237 | werner | 173 | mCanopy.setStandParameters(mLAINeedle, |
174 | mLAIBroadleaved, |
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175 | mCanopyConductance); |
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176 | |||
177 | // main loop over all days of the year |
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239 | werner | 178 | double prec_mm, prec_after_interception, prec_to_soil, et, excess; |
338 | werner | 179 | const Climate *climate = mRU->climate(); |
180 | const ClimateDay *day = climate->begin(); |
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181 | const ClimateDay *end = climate->end(); |
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237 | werner | 182 | int doy=0; |
183 | double total_excess = 0.; |
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184 | for (; day<end; ++day, ++doy) { |
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185 | // (1) precipitation of the day |
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186 | prec_mm = day->preciptitation; |
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187 | // (2) interception by the crown |
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188 | prec_after_interception = mCanopy.flow(prec_mm, day->temperature); |
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189 | // (3) storage in the snow pack |
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190 | prec_to_soil = mSnowPack.flow(prec_after_interception, day->temperature); |
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191 | // (4) add rest to soil |
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192 | mContent += prec_to_soil; |
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266 | werner | 193 | |
194 | excess = 0.; |
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195 | if (mContent>mFieldCapacity) { |
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196 | // excess water runoff |
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197 | excess = mContent - mFieldCapacity; |
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198 | total_excess += excess; |
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199 | mContent = mFieldCapacity; |
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200 | } |
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201 | |||
367 | werner | 202 | double current_psi = psiFromHeight(mContent); |
203 | mPsi[doy] = current_psi; |
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553 | werner | 204 | |
335 | werner | 205 | // (5) transpiration of the vegetation (and of water intercepted in canopy) |
367 | werner | 206 | // calculate the LAI-weighted response values for soil water and vpd: |
207 | double combined_response = calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse( current_psi, day->vpd); |
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208 | et = mCanopy.evapotranspiration3PG(day, climate->daylength_h(doy), combined_response); |
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238 | werner | 209 | |
241 | werner | 210 | mContent -= et; // reduce content (transpiration) |
338 | werner | 211 | // add intercepted water (that is *not* evaporated) again to the soil (or add to snow if temp too low -> call to snowpack) |
212 | mContent += mSnowPack.add(mCanopy.interception(),day->temperature); |
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241 | werner | 213 | |
338 | werner | 214 | // do not remove water below the PWP (fixed value) |
266 | werner | 215 | if (mContent<mPermanentWiltingPoint) { |
271 | werner | 216 | et -= mPermanentWiltingPoint - mContent; // reduce et (for bookkeeping) |
266 | werner | 217 | mContent = mPermanentWiltingPoint; |
237 | werner | 218 | } |
266 | werner | 219 | |
546 | werner | 220 | |
271 | werner | 221 | //DBGMODE( |
239 | werner | 222 | if (GlobalSettings::instance()->isDebugEnabled(GlobalSettings::dWaterCycle)) { |
240 | werner | 223 | DebugList &out = GlobalSettings::instance()->debugList(day->id(), GlobalSettings::dWaterCycle); |
239 | werner | 224 | // climatic variables |
364 | werner | 225 | out << day->id() << mRU->index() << day->temperature << day->vpd << day->preciptitation << day->radiation; |
368 | werner | 226 | out << combined_response; // combined response of all species on RU (min(water, vpd)) |
239 | werner | 227 | // fluxes |
271 | werner | 228 | out << prec_after_interception << prec_to_soil << et << mCanopy.evaporationCanopy() |
540 | werner | 229 | << mContent << mPsi[doy] << excess; |
239 | werner | 230 | // other states |
231 | out << mSnowPack.snowPack(); |
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364 | werner | 232 | //special sanity check: |
233 | if (prec_to_soil>0. && mCanopy.interception()>0.) |
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234 | if (mSnowPack.snowPack()==0. && day->preciptitation==0) |
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235 | qDebug() << "watercontent increase without precipititaion"; |
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239 | werner | 236 | |
237 | } |
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271 | werner | 238 | //); // DBGMODE() |
239 | werner | 239 | |
237 | werner | 240 | } |
496 | werner | 241 | mLastYear = GlobalSettings::instance()->currentYear(); |
242 | |||
237 | werner | 243 | } |
244 | |||
245 | |||
246 | namespace Water { |
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247 | |||
248 | /** calculates the input/output of water that is stored in the snow pack. |
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249 | The approach is similar to Picus 1.3 and ForestBGC (Running, 1988). |
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250 | Returns the amount of water that exits the snowpack (precipitation, snow melt) */ |
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251 | double SnowPack::flow(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
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252 | { |
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253 | if (temperature>0.) { |
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254 | if (mSnowPack==0.) |
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255 | return preciptitation_mm; // no change |
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256 | else { |
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257 | // snow melts |
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258 | const double melting_coefficient = 0.7; // mm/°C |
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240 | werner | 259 | double melt = qMin(temperature * melting_coefficient, mSnowPack); |
260 | mSnowPack -=melt; |
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237 | werner | 261 | return preciptitation_mm + melt; |
262 | } |
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263 | } else { |
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264 | // snow: |
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265 | mSnowPack += preciptitation_mm; |
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266 | return 0.; // no output. |
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267 | } |
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268 | |||
269 | } |
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270 | |||
271 | |||
334 | werner | 272 | inline double SnowPack::add(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
273 | { |
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274 | // do nothing for temps > 0° |
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275 | if (temperature>0.) |
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276 | return preciptitation_mm; |
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277 | |||
278 | // temps < 0°: add to snow |
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279 | mSnowPack += preciptitation_mm; |
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280 | return 0.; |
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281 | } |
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282 | |||
237 | werner | 283 | /** Interception in crown canopy. |
284 | Calculates the amount of preciptitation that does not reach the ground and |
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285 | is stored in the canopy. The approach is adopted from Picus 1.3. |
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299 | werner | 286 | Returns the amount of precipitation (mm) that surpasses the canopy layer. |
287 | @sa http://iland.boku.ac.at/water+cycle#precipitation_and_interception */ |
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237 | werner | 288 | double Canopy::flow(const double &preciptitation_mm, const double &temperature) |
289 | { |
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290 | // sanity checks |
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291 | mInterception = 0.; |
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271 | werner | 292 | mEvaporation = 0.; |
237 | werner | 293 | if (!mLAI) |
294 | return preciptitation_mm; |
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295 | if (!preciptitation_mm) |
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296 | return 0.; |
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297 | double max_interception_mm=0.; // maximum interception based on the current foliage |
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298 | double max_storage_mm=0.; // maximum storage in canopy |
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299 | |||
300 | if (mLAINeedle>0.) { |
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301 | // (1) calculate maximum fraction of thru-flow the crown (based on precipitation) |
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302 | double max_flow_needle = 0.9 * sqrt(1.03 - exp(-0.055*preciptitation_mm)); |
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303 | max_interception_mm += preciptitation_mm * (1. - max_flow_needle * mLAINeedle/mLAI); |
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304 | // (2) calculate maximum storage potential based on the current LAI |
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305 | double max_storage_needle = 4. * (1. - exp(-0.55*mLAINeedle) ); |
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306 | max_storage_mm += max_storage_needle; |
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307 | } |
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308 | |||
309 | if (mLAIBroadleaved>0.) { |
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310 | // (1) calculate maximum fraction of thru-flow the crown (based on precipitation) |
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299 | werner | 311 | double max_flow_broad = 0.9 * pow(1.22 - exp(-0.055*preciptitation_mm), 0.35); |
237 | werner | 312 | max_interception_mm += preciptitation_mm * (1. - max_flow_broad * mLAIBroadleaved/mLAI); |
313 | // (2) calculate maximum storage potential based on the current LAI |
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299 | werner | 314 | double max_storage_broad = 2. * (1. - exp(-0.5*mLAIBroadleaved) ); |
237 | werner | 315 | max_storage_mm += max_storage_broad; |
316 | } |
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317 | |||
318 | // (3) calculate actual interception and store for evaporation calculation |
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319 | mInterception = qMin( max_storage_mm, max_interception_mm ); |
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320 | |||
335 | werner | 321 | // (4) limit interception with amount of precipitation |
322 | mInterception = qMin( mInterception, preciptitation_mm); |
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323 | |||
324 | // (5) reduce preciptitaion by the amount that is intercepted by the canopy |
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237 | werner | 325 | return preciptitation_mm - mInterception; |
326 | |||
327 | } |
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328 | |||
239 | werner | 329 | /// sets up the canopy. fetch some global parameter values... |
330 | void Canopy::setup() |
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237 | werner | 331 | { |
240 | werner | 332 | mAirDensity = Model::settings().airDensity; // kg / m3 |
237 | werner | 333 | } |
334 | |||
335 | void Canopy::setStandParameters(const double LAIneedle, const double LAIbroadleave, const double maxCanopyConductance) |
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336 | { |
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337 | mLAINeedle = LAIneedle; |
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338 | mLAIBroadleaved=LAIbroadleave; |
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339 | mLAI=LAIneedle+LAIbroadleave; |
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239 | werner | 340 | mAvgMaxCanopyConductance = maxCanopyConductance; |
553 | werner | 341 | |
342 | // clear aggregation containers |
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562 | werner | 343 | for (int i=0;i<12;++i) mET0[i]=0.; |
553 | werner | 344 | |
237 | werner | 345 | } |
346 | |||
347 | |||
348 | |||
256 | werner | 349 | /** calculate the daily evaporation/transpiration using the Penman-Monteith-Equation. |
350 | This version is based on 3PG. See the Visual Basic Code in 3PGjs.xls. |
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351 | Returns the total sum of evaporation+transpiration in mm of the day. */ |
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367 | werner | 352 | double Canopy::evapotranspiration3PG(const ClimateDay *climate, const double daylength_h, const double combined_response) |
256 | werner | 353 | { |
354 | double vpd_mbar = climate->vpd * 10.; // convert from kPa to mbar |
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355 | double temperature = climate->temperature; // average temperature of the day (°C) |
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356 | double daylength = daylength_h * 3600.; // daylength in seconds (convert from length in hours) |
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357 | double rad = climate->radiation / daylength * 1000000; //convert from MJ/m2 (day sum) to average radiation flow W/m2 [MJ=MWs -> /s * 1,000,000 |
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358 | |||
561 | werner | 359 | // the radiation: based on linear empirical function |
360 | const double qa = -90.; |
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361 | const double qb = 0.8; |
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362 | double net_rad = qa + qb*rad; |
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363 | |||
256 | werner | 364 | //: Landsberg original: const double e20 = 2.2; //rate of change of saturated VP with T at 20C |
365 | const double VPDconv = 0.000622; //convert VPD to saturation deficit = 18/29/1000 |
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366 | const double latent_heat = 2460000.; // Latent heat of vaporization. Energy required per unit mass of water vaporized [J kg-1] |
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367 | |||
368 | werner | 368 | double gBL = Model::settings().boundaryLayerConductance; // boundary layer conductance |
369 | |||
370 | // canopy conductance. |
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371 | // The species traits are weighted by LAI on the RU. |
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372 | // maximum canopy conductance: see getStandValues() |
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373 | // current response: see calculateSoilAtmosphereResponse(). This is basically a weighted average of min(water_response, vpd_response) for each species |
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367 | werner | 374 | double gC = mAvgMaxCanopyConductance * combined_response; |
256 | werner | 375 | |
367 | werner | 376 | |
256 | werner | 377 | double defTerm = mAirDensity * latent_heat * (vpd_mbar * VPDconv) * gBL; |
378 | |||
561 | werner | 379 | // with temperature-dependent slope of vapor pressure saturation curve |
380 | // (following Allen et al. (1998), http://www.fao.org/docrep/x0490e/x0490e07.htm#atmospheric%20parameters) |
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381 | // svp_slope in mbar. |
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382 | double svp_slope = 4098. * (6.1078 * exp(17.269 * temperature / (temperature + 237.3))) / ((237.3+temperature)*(237.3+temperature)); |
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383 | |||
256 | werner | 384 | double div = (1. + svp_slope + gBL / gC); |
561 | werner | 385 | double Etransp = (svp_slope * net_rad + defTerm) / div; |
335 | werner | 386 | double canopy_transpiration = Etransp / latent_heat * daylength; |
256 | werner | 387 | |
562 | werner | 388 | // calculate reference evapotranspiration |
389 | // see Adair et al 2008 |
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390 | const double psychrometric_const = 0.0672718682328237; // kPa/degC |
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391 | const double windspeed = 2.; // m/s |
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392 | double net_rad_mj_day = net_rad*daylength/1000000.; // convert W/m2 again to MJ/m2*day |
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393 | double et0_day = 0.408*svp_slope*net_rad_mj_day + psychrometric_const*900./(temperature+273.)*windspeed*climate->vpd; |
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394 | double et0_div = svp_slope+psychrometric_const*(1.+0.34*windspeed); |
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395 | et0_day = et0_day / et0_div; |
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396 | mET0[climate->month-1] += et0_day; |
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553 | werner | 397 | |
256 | werner | 398 | if (mInterception>0.) { |
399 | // we assume that for evaporation from leaf surface gBL/gC -> 0 |
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562 | werner | 400 | double div_evap = 1. + svp_slope; |
401 | double evap_canopy = (svp_slope*net_rad + defTerm) / div_evap / latent_heat * daylength; |
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402 | evap_canopy = qMin(evap_canopy, mInterception); |
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403 | mInterception -= evap_canopy; // reduce interception |
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404 | mEvaporation = evap_canopy; // evaporation from intercepted water |
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256 | werner | 405 | } |
335 | werner | 406 | return canopy_transpiration; |
256 | werner | 407 | } |
408 | |||
237 | werner | 409 | } // end namespace |